what is indus water treaty

The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) is a water-sharing agreement established between India and Pakistan, facilitated by the World Bank and signed in 1960. It is regarded as one of the most effective and lasting treaties globally, managing to endure despite the numerous wars and conflicts that have occurred between the two nations.

Key Points of the Indus Waters Treaty:

The Indus Waters Treaty is an important agreement between India and Pakistan that was signed in 1960.

1. Rivers Involved:

The Indus river system has six rivers, which the treaty divided as follows:

• To Pakistan (Western Rivers): Indus, Jhelum, Chenab

• To India (Eastern Rivers): Ravi, Beas, Sutlej

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2. Water Rights:

• Pakistan gets unrestricted use of the western rivers.

• India gets control over the eastern rivers but is allowed limited use (agriculture, domestic use, and non-consumptive use like hydroelectricity) of the western rivers.

• 3. Dispute Resolution:

  The treaty outlines a three-tier dispute resolution mechanism:

  • Permanent Indus Commission (PIC) – regular communication and monitoring

  • Neutral Expert – for technical disputes

  • Court of Arbitration – for legal conflicts

  4. World Bank’s Role:

  The World Bank played a key role in the treaty’s creation and is a guarantor in its dispute resolution mechanisms.

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• Why It’s in the News:

  In April 2025, India decided to suspend the Indus Waters Treaty after a terror attack in Pahalgam that was reportedly connected to groups in Pakistan. This move marks a significant shift in diplomatic relations, especially since the treaty has remained in place even during past conflicts between the two countries.

• Importance of the Treaty:

• 1.For Pakistan: About 80% of its irrigation relies on these western rivers.

• 2.For India: Maintains regional stability and international diplomatic credibility.

• 3.For the World: It’s a rare example of peaceful resource sharing between hostile nations.

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• The Pahalgam terror attack has triggered a series of actions and reactions between India and Pakistan, leading to a significant deterioration in bilateral relations. As both nations navigate this crisis, the international community watches closely, hoping for de-escalation and a return to dialogue to ensure regional stability.​ read more